I am very proud of our "fashion heritage". Traditional clothing - Slovak folk costume hides not only a history, but especially its own story. During my study of the fashion history, I have to mention our - Slovak history. It is amazing, how a man can understand the life and the mentality of his ancestors, thanks to their clothes. Since my childhood I was fascinated by the embroidery of the traditional clothing, which contains certain symbols. Slovakian women used to express via clothes their position, mood, occasion or social status, as we do today.
With this article I want to show you our traditional clothing generally - you can find out, from which parts it is consisted of, which accessories had been used, how Slovak folk costumes looked like for various events; and thanks to the vyKROJenô and Inspirations exhibitions I will show you, how wonderful our history is and in which way it was transformed to the present day!
Som pyšná na naše "odevné bohatstvo". Tradičný odev - kroj v sebe ukrýva nielen históriu, ale predovšetkým svoj vlastný príbeh. Popri mojom štúdiu histórie odievania mi nedá nezastaviť sa práve pri tej našej - slovenskej histórii. Je úžasné, ako pomocou oblečenia človek dokáže pochopiť život a zmýšľanie svojich predkov, ako si dokáže predstaviť dobu, v ktorej žili. Už odmalička ma na kroji fascinovala jej bohatá výšivka, ktorá v sebe ukrýva určitú symboliku. Aj Slovenské devy, tak ako my dnes, prostredníctvom oblečenia vyjadrovali svoje postavenie, náladu, príležitosť či spoločnosť, ktorej boli momentálne súčasťou.
Dnešným článkom by som vám chcela trošku priblížiť náš kroj ako taký - zistíte z akých častí sa skladá, aké súčiastky sa používali k jeho noseniu, ako vyzerali jednotlivé kroje na rôzne udalosti; a taktiež vám pomocou skvelých výstav vyKROJenô a Inšpirácie ukážem, aká je naša história krásna a ako sa pretransformovala do súčasnosti!
How it all began? (Ako to celé začalo?)
Traditional folk clothing - Slovak costume represented the clothes of the people living on the village. Its evolution was peaking in the second half of the 19th to the end of the first half of the 20th century, when it is progressively being changed into the industrial and crafted sewn ready-to-wear parts of clothing. An image of the traditional clothing was formed by several important factors (geographical and climatic conditions, social status, financial abilities), but also social and historical determinants such as colonization, migrations of the population, development of the craftwork, industrial production, trade, etc. Traditional materials for the Slovak folk costume production were linen, hemp, fur and wool. Except for these, also imported materials (cotton,silk) and textiles produced in factories (brocades, soft cotton textiles or woolen cloth) became popular.
The people, who worn and produced them, also paid attention to not only the functionality, but also to the decoration, where they used their own abilities, expression and imaginations of a beauty. The result of this formation in Slovakia, at the end of the 19th century was a creation of the 60 local variations of the traditional clothing!
Ľudový odev - kroj označoval oblečenie ľudí žijúcich na vidieku. Jeho vývoj vrcholí od druhej polovice 19. do konca prvej polovice 20. storočia, kedy sa postupne zamieňa za prevažne priemyselne a remeselne šité konfekčné odevné súčasti. Podobu ľudového odevu formovali viaceré významné faktory (geografické a klimatické podmienky, sociálne postavenie a finančné možnosti nositeľov) ale aj spoločenské a historické determinanty ako napríklad kolonizácie, migrácie obyvateľstva, rozvoj remesiel, priemyselnej výroby a obchodu a podobne. Tradičnými materiálmi na výrobu ľudového odevu boli ľan, konope, kožušina a vlna. Okrem nich sa stali populárnymi aj importované materiály (bavlna, hodváb) a textílie vyrábané v továrňach (kartún, brokáty, jemné bavlnené textílie alebo vlnené tkaniny).
Nositelia a zhotovitelia tradičného ľudového odevu venovali pozornosť nielen funkčnosti ale aj výzdobe, kde realizovali svoje individuálne schopnosti, cit a predstavy o kráse. Výsledkom tohto procesu na Slovensku koncom 19. storočia bolo vytvorenie približne šesťdesiatich variantov lokálnych dobových foriem tradičného odevu!
Parts of the traditional clothing (Časti tradičného odevu)
The clothes were always divided by sex and age. Among female clothes there was the lower part more segmented than in the masculine lower part. It consisted of several underskirts, rubáš (a type of underwear), blouse or female shirt, rukávce (a shirt with embroidered sleeves) and skirt. The upper part consisted of upper skirt, apron, scarf, bodice, short or long coats, mentieka (a type of the coat) or fur coat. For shoes production domestic materials such as leather, linen and wool in the form of the knitted fabric or cloth were used. The oldest type of wraparound leather shoes are krpce. They symbolized the farmers, but after the First World War they stopped to wear them. Boots became a new type of the leather footwear. Jewellery were also the significant accessory.
Oblečenie sa v zásade vždy delilo podľa pohlavia a veku. V ženskom odeve bol spodný plátenný odev členitejší než mužský. Tvorilo ho niekoľko spodníc, rubáš, blúza alebo ženská košeľa, oplecko (rukávce) a sukňa. Vrchné časti tvorili okrem sukní i vlnené zástery či šatky,živôtik, trojštvrťové i dlhé kabáty a mentieky alebo kožuchy. Na vyhotovenie obuvi sa používal domáci materiál ako koža, plátno i vlna v podobe pleteniny či súkna. Najstarším typom koženej ovinovacej obuvi sú krpce. Boli symbolom roľníckeho ľudu, no po 1. svetovej vojne sa prestali nosiť. Novším typom celokoženej obuvi sa stali čižmy. Významným doplnkom boli aj šperky.
A BLOUSE (BLÚZA)
RUBÁŠ
A FEMALE SHIRT (ŽENSKÁ KOŠEĽA)
RUKÁVCE
AN UNDERSKIRT (SPODNÁ SUKŇA)
AN UPPER SKIRT (VRCHNÁ SUKŇA)
A SKIRT WITH BODICE (SUKŇA so živôtikom)
AN APRON (ZÁSTERA)
A BODICE (živôtik)
A COAT (KABANICA)
MENTIEKA
A FUR COAT (KOŽUCH)
BOOTS (ČIŽMY)
KRPCE
Accessories (Súčiastky tradičného odevu)
The hairstyle was very important part of the female and masculine image. Since the period of sexual maturity (cca from 12 years), it was the main cover of the female head. The base was an updo, hair divided in the middle or the braid. An individual hairstyle was needed for ceremonial occasions (a braid was popular with using of a scarf or parta). The hairstyle of the married women followed the cut of the bonnet.
Účes bol veľmi podstatnou súčasťou úpravy žien i mužov. U žien bol základom pokrytia hlavy od obdobia pohlavnej zrelosti ( cca od 12 rokov). Základom boli dozadu sčesané vlasy, v strede hlavy rozdelené pútcom, a na temene hlavy spletené do vrkoča. Osobitnú úpravu účesu si vyžadovali sviatočné a obradové príležitosti. Vlasy sa zvykli rôzne zapletať a dopĺňala ich šatka alebo parta. Úprava vlasov vydatých žien spravidla kopírovala strih čepca.
POPULAR HAIRSTYLES
Other popular accessories were a ruff and wristbands.
Ďalšími obľúbenými doplnkami tradičného odevu boli okružie a zápästky.
A BONNET (ČEPIEC)
PARTA
A SCARF (ŠATKA)
A LONG SCARF (VEĽKÁ ŠATKA)
A RUFF (OKRUŽIE)
WRISTBANDS (Zápästky)
Types of traditional folk costumes
(Druhy tradičného ľudového odevu)
(Druhy tradičného ľudového odevu)
Ordinary clothing (Všedný odev)
Ceremonial clothing (Sviatočný odev)
Wedding clothing (Svadobný odev)
Mourning clothing (Smútočný odev)
Traditional clothing in the present
(Tradičný odev v súčasnosti)
A lot of fashion designers, artists or jewelers find their inspiration in the traditional folk clothing and its culture. For example, a talented jeweler Petra Toth, who likes to get inspired with patterns of the traditional folk clothing and uses their hidden symbols. Fashion designers, such as Milada Sabolová (you can read my article about this talented woman in the latest issue of the RUD magazine, more info HERE), Ľubica Poncik or Jana Gavalcová also like to use traditional folk techniques, such as work with a blueprint, an embroidery and natural materials. Their connection of a traditionality and todays modern line is fantastic. I had an opportunity to admire the models by Jana and Ľubica on the Inspirations exhibition. It was magnificient!
Inšpiráciu v tradičnom ľudovom odeve a kultúre hľadá veľa súčasných návrhárov, šperkárov, umelcov... Ako príklad môžem uviesť talentovanú šperkárku Petru Toth, ktorá sa rada inšpiruje vzormi tradičného ľudového odevu a používa ich skrytú symboliku. Módne návrhárky ako Milada Sabolová (môj článok si o tejto talentovanej žene máte možnosť prečítať v najnovšom čísle časopisu RUD, viď TU), Ľubica Poncik alebo Jana Gavalcová tiež s obľubou využívajú tradičné ľudové techniky ako práca s modrotlačou, výšivkou a prírodnými materiálmi. Ich prepojenie tradičnosti s dnešnou modernou líniou je fantastické. Na výstave Inšpirácie som mala možnosť obdivovať modely šiat Jany a Ľubice a naozaj som sa nevedela vynadívať!
Petra Toth
Milada Sabolová
Jana Gavalcová a Ľubica Poncik
I am very happy, that there still exist the people, who do not forget our history in todays modern life and they decided to share it further! I belong to them since my childhood...
Som rada, že hoci žijeme v modernej dobe, stále existujú ľudia, ktorí na našu históriu nezabúdajú a s láskou sa ju rozhodli šíriť ďalej! Ja patrím medzi nich, už odmalička...
Thanks to the ÚĽUV for their brilliant sketches and informations about traditional folk clothing!
(Pozn.: Za užitočné informácie a kresby ďakujem ÚĽUVu - ich skvelej výstave Vykrojenô a taktiež ich skvelej encyklopédii tradičného slovenského odevu.)
Nádherný článok ♥ Osobne som veľmi rada, že niekto niečo také napísal ♥ Ja našu históriu a kultúru jednoducho milujem ♥
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